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	<title>e health resources &#187; Pregnancy and Reproduction</title>
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		<title>Heartburn Remedies During Pregnancy That Can Help Relieve Your Pregnancy Heartburn Misery!</title>
		<link>http://www.ehealthhq.com/2009/09/heartburn-remedies-during-pregnancy-that-can-help-relieve-your-pregnancy-heartburn-misery/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2009 00:06:23 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Pregnancy and Reproduction]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Hannah Bajor.C.N.M.,M.S.N. Pregnancy Success &#038; Health Coach asked: Heartburn relief during pregnancy is a common concern many pregnant women have. Read on to see what you what heartburn remedies during pregnancy are available.What causes early pregnancy heartburn?Heartburn in early pregnancy is a common complaint. The hormone progesterone is released as soon a woman becomes pregnant [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><em><strong>Hannah Bajor.C.N.M.,M.S.N. Pregnancy Success &#038; Health Coach</strong> asked: </em><br/><br/><br/>Heartburn relief during pregnancy is a common concern many pregnant women have. Read on to see what you what heartburn remedies during pregnancy are available.<br/><br/><strong>What causes early pregnancy heartburn</strong>?<br/><br/>Heartburn in early pregnancy is a common complaint. The hormone progesterone is released as soon a woman becomes pregnant and can cause many early pregnancy symptoms which include pregnancy heartburn. Progesterone causes relaxation of the cardiac sphincter of the stomach which is the muscle between the stomach and the esophagus (food pipe). Relaxation of this muscle allows for some gastric acid and food to flow backwards and re-enter the esophagus (food pipe). Gastric acid irritates the lining of the esophagus causing a burning sensation in the center of the chest called pregnancy heartburn.<br/><br/>As your baby grows bigger and takes up more room in the abdominal area, the stomach itself is displaced and squashed. The growing uterus can permanently press on the cardiac sphincter of the stomach and allow gastric juices and food to constantly leak back into the esophagus (wind pipe) which may cause severe heartburn during pregnancy.<br/><br/><strong>Heartburn remedies during pregnancy</strong><br/><br/>Heartburn relief during pregnancy can be achieved by eating yogurt or drinking a glass of milk.<br/><br/>Try a tablespoon of honey in a glass of warm milk for pregnancy heartburn relief.<br/><br/>Eat smaller more frequent meals throughout the day rather than three large meals.<br/><br/>Avoid spicy, greasy, fatty foods, peppers and tomatoes produce extra gastric acid causing pregnancy heartburn.<br/><br/>Avoid foods that relax the cardiac sphincter of the stomach such as alcohol, peppermint, garlic, and chocolate.<br/><br/>Avoid eating for at least two hours before going to bed.<br/><br/>Do not lie down after eating to prevent the food from the stomach flowing back into your esophagus causing pregnancy heartburn.<br/><br/>Mild over-the-counter antacids such as Mylanta or Tums may prove helpful in relieving heartburn pregnancy symptom.<br/><br/>If your heartburn symptoms are severe or accompanied by headache or swelling (especially if you are later on in pregnancy) consult with your health care provider immediately as you may have pre-eclampsia of pregnancy.<br/><br/>Sleeping with extra pillows under your head to keep your stomach lower than your esophagus (food pipe) works very well to give you a better start to the day and a better nights sleep.<br/><br/>One of the most effective heartburn remedies during pregnancy is to try to prevent heartburn developing in the first place. The healthier you are prior pregnancy and the healthier you eat during pregnancy can have a direct correlation to the amount of pregnancy symptoms you have. I would like to invite you to supplement with a high quality Mangosteen and mineral product that many of my pregnant clients use to correct misalignments within the body and encourage the stomach to produce the right amount of gastric acid that you body needs for digestion. Visit http://www.VemmaMidwife.com<br/><br/>You may also be very interested in an amazing message that was telepathically dictated to me for humanity from my son when he was seven-weeks old. Yes you read correctly! I have the ability to communicate with baby’s emotions from inside and outside the womb. Down load this AMAZING MESSAGE FREE at http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com/Message_For_Humanity.html<br/><br/>If you wish to ask me a personal question about your pregnancy or an issue in your life then visit http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com/Ask_Hannah_Section.html<br/><br/>Hannah Bajor. C.N.M.,M.S.N.<br/><br/>Certified Nurse Midwife.<br/><br/>Pregnancy Success Coach <br/><br/><br/><br/><a href='http://www.generic-ultram.com'>The cheapest tramadol prices</a></div>
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		<title>Hemorrhoids in Pregnancy are Embarrassing and Painful. Tips to Relieve Hemorrhoids During Pregnancy</title>
		<link>http://www.ehealthhq.com/2009/09/hemorrhoids-in-pregnancy-are-embarrassing-and-painful-tips-to-relieve-hemorrhoids-during-pregnancy/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2009 15:24:20 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Pregnancy and Reproduction]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Hannah Bajor.C.N.M.,M.S.N. Pregnancy Success &#038; Health Coach asked: Hemorrhoids in pregnancy can turn an otherwise healthy pregnancy into a nightmare. Read on to see why pregnant women get hemorrhoids and what you can do to prevent or relieve hemorrhoids during pregnancy.As a certified nurse midwife I have treated many cases of pregnancy and hemorrhoids. It [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><em><strong>Hannah Bajor.C.N.M.,M.S.N. Pregnancy Success &#038; Health Coach</strong> asked: </em><br/><br/><br/>Hemorrhoids in pregnancy can turn an otherwise healthy pregnancy into a nightmare. Read on to see why pregnant women get hemorrhoids and what you can do to prevent or relieve hemorrhoids during pregnancy.<br/><br/>As a certified nurse midwife I have treated many cases of pregnancy and hemorrhoids. It was not until I personally experienced hemorrhoids during pregnancy that I understood how painful these little monsters can be.<br/><br/><strong><br/><br/>What are hemorrhoids?<br/><br/></strong><br/><br/>Hemorrhoids are swollen varicose veins on or around the anus. The veins within the anal canal become swollen because of weakened vein walls allowing blood to pool. This causes the walls of the vein to expand creating the visible ball on the outside of the anus called a hemorrhoid.<br/><br/><strong><br/><br/>What causes pregnancy hemorrhoids?<br/><br/></strong><br/><br/>Pregnancy requires a woman to increase her total blood volume by 40% to accommodate her growing baby nutrition and circulatory needs. This increase in blood volume requires that the pregnant woman’s blood vessels relax and expand to hold the extra blood. This is one of the major reasons why pregnant women are prone to blood clots, varicose veins and hemorrhoids.<br/><br/>Pregnant women are also prone to constipation due to extra fluid absorption and relaxation of the bowels.<br/><br/>Constipation combined with the increased pressure on the rectum and perineum due to the growing baby is another reason for hemorrhoids during pregnancy.<br/><br/><strong>Types of pregnancy hemorrhoids:</strong><br/><br/><strong>Internal hemorrhoids during pregnancy:</strong><br/><br/>You can&#8217;t see or feel these hemorrhoids, but straining or irritation from a passing stool can injure a hemorrhoid&#8217;s delicate surface and cause it to bleed. You may notice small amounts of bright red blood on your toilet tissue or in the toilet bowl water. Because internal anal membranes lack pain-sensitive nerve fibers, these hemorrhoids usually don&#8217;t cause discomfort. Occasionally, straining can push an internal hemorrhoid through the anal opening. If a hemorrhoid remains displaced (prolapsed), it can cause pain and irritation.<br/><br/><strong>External hemorrhoids during pregnancy:</strong><br/><br/>These hemorrhoids tend to be painful. Sometimes blood may pool in an external hemorrhoid and form a clot (thrombus) causing severe pain, swelling and inflammation. When irritated, external hemorrhoids can itch or bleed. The pain of hemorrhoids may be comparable to being stabbed in the rectum by a knife or hot poker.<br/><br/><strong>What can you do to treat hemorrhoids during pregnancy?</strong><br/><br/>The good news is that hemorrhoids usually improve after the baby is born. In the meantime, there are a number of things you can do to treat hemorrhoids. Any one or more of the following may help relieve hemorrhoids during pregnancy:<br/><br/>Take a warm bath with baking soda or place baking soda (wet or dry) on the area to reduce itching.<br/><br/>Use witch hazel to reduce swelling or bleeding.<br/><br/>Use Tucks Medicated Pads.<br/><br/>Avoid sitting or standing for long periods.<br/><br/>Drink plenty of fluids.<br/><br/>Drink prune juice.<br/><br/>Do not delay going to the bathroom.<br/><br/>Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.<br/><br/>If you are suffering very badly from pregnancy hemorrhoids please consult with your obstetric provider for hemorrhoid medication.<br/><br/>Mangosteen and minerals, 2 ounces twice a day has helped many pregnant women relieve inflammation and pain from hemorrhoids during pregnancy. Mangosteen is a fruit that has been used for hundreds of years as an all natural, pregnancy safe anti-inflammatory and a pain blocker. Mangosteen also supports you body to the demands of pregnancy.<br/><br/>Wondering where to get more information about a high quality mangosteen and mineral product then go to my pregnancy web site at http://www.VemmaMidwife.com<br/><br/>You may also be very interested in an amazing message that was telepathically dictated to me for humanity from my son when he was seven-weeks old. Yes you read correctly! I have the ability to communicate with baby’s emotions from inside and outside the womb. Down load this AMAZING MESSAGE FREE at http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com/Message_For_Humanity.html<br/><br/>If you wish to ask me a personal question about your pregnancy or an issue in your life then visit http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com/Ask_Hannah_Section.html<br/><br/>Hannah Bajor. C.N.M.,M.S.N.<br/><br/>Certified Nurse Midwife<br/><br/>Pregnancy Success Coach<br/><br/> <br/><br/> <br/><br/> <br/><br/> <br/><br/> <br/><br/> <br/><br/> <br/><br/><br/><br/><a href='http://www.butalbital.name'>Butalbital</a></div>
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		<title>Early Pregnancy Symptom &#8211; How to Detect Pregnancy by yourself</title>
		<link>http://www.ehealthhq.com/2009/09/early-pregnancy-symptom-how-to-detect-pregnancy-by-yourself/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2009 14:22:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Pregnancy and Reproduction]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Apurva Shree asked: Pregnancy calls for one of the most beautiful phase in a woman’s life being accompanied by each early pregnancy symptom. These pregnancy symptoms have always been a source of joy as well as often anxieties. Many women are unaware of early pregnancy symptoms and what development each symptom indicates. Moreover, to start [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><em><strong>Apurva Shree</strong> asked: </em><br/><br/><br/>Pregnancy calls for one of the most beautiful phase in a woman’s life being accompanied by each early pregnancy symptom. These pregnancy symptoms have always been a source of joy as well as often anxieties. Many women are unaware of early pregnancy symptoms and what development each symptom indicates. Moreover, to start planning for a family with your new baby, you must be knowledgeable about pregnancy symptoms and to what extent they are normal. If you observe the signs of pregnancy to increase and decrease abnormally, you must consult with your physician.<br/><br/>Therefore, pregnant women need to be familiar with all the probable early pregnancy symptoms. She also needs to know the difference between pregnancy and non-pregnancy symptoms. The period, intensity and the sequence of arrival of pregnancy symptoms largely vary from one woman to another. So, before you start fretting over absence of a particular symptom that your friend or sister might have undergone at your stage, get facts on each early pregnancy symptom from this article.<br/><br/>How Your Body Tells That You Are Pregnant<br/><br/>During pregnancy, women undergo many changes. Drastic hormonal changes in body are because of the physical and psychological changes a woman undergoes during pregnancy. This hormonal change takes place to support the development of the fetus inside. All women tend to experience some common symptoms in the early trimester of the pregnancy period. Each early pregnancy symptom appears in the same manner, but slight differences can be expected. Now let us discuss about pregnancy symptoms and how to identify them –<br/><br/>Implantation Bleeding<br/><br/>Implantation bleeding is also known as vaginal spotting. This is a very common early pregnancy symptom and takes place when the fertilized egg gets attached to uterus walls. In following ways you will get to differentiate implantation bleeding from common vaginal bleeding -<br/><br/>It appears approximately five days after fertilization<br/><br/>Color of this vaginal discharge appears to be light unlike dark bleeding of menstruation.<br/><br/>An increase in discharge will also signal you about pregnancy.<br/><br/>Many women also experience slight cramping pain during implantation bleeding.<br/><br/>If you happen to experience similar symptoms within a week of conceiving, consider a home pregnancy test to confirm your pregnancy.<br/><br/>Frequent Urination<br/><br/>Increased frequency in urination is a significant early pregnancy symptom. Stretch in ligaments and hormonal changes may lead pregnant women rush to loo. As your uterus enlarges to accommodate development of the fetus, it starts occupying spaces of bladder and pushes it, which is why you may feel a surge of urine now and then.<br/><br/>Tender, Sore Breasts<br/><br/>Another very important early pregnancy symptom is tenderness and painful breasts. After conceiving, you will notice your breasts to enlarge accompanied by a feeling of tenderness due to the hormonal changes in body.<br/><br/>High Temperature<br/><br/>If you notice that your basal body temperature is increasing after conception, then you know you are pregnant. When your body temperature remains high for a number of days even if you are not having menstruation, it is an early pregnancy symptom.<br/><br/>Missed Periods<br/><br/>A missed period id considered one of the surest pregnancy symptoms to be felt at the earliest stage. However, it may arrive before or after any other early pregnancy symptom and extensively vary in women.<br/><br/>Fatigue and Weakness<br/><br/>Pregnancy brings enormous feeling of exhaustion. When you tend to feel fatigue and dizziness with any other symptom, you need to contact an expert. As per medical experts, fainting is a common early pregnancy symptom. Along with exhaustion, you might feel sickness in different time of the day with discomforts of nausea. Though pregnant women may feel at any time or throughout the day, this early pregnancy symptom is known as ‘morning sickness’.<br/><br/>Before you consult your gynecologist, you need to prepare a proper and detailed pregnancy journal mentioning each early pregnancy symptom to help him or her detect pregnancy accurately.<br/><br/><br/><br/><a href='http://www.fioricetblog.com'>Fioricet blog, know more about fioricet</a></div>
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		<title>Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Ruminants</title>
		<link>http://www.ehealthhq.com/2009/08/early-pregnancy-diagnosis-in-ruminants/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 22 Aug 2009 15:50:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Pregnancy and Reproduction]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Prof G M Wani asked: PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS IN ruminants1 IntroductionRectal palptation in small ruminants is of little value due to the size of the pelvis. (Wani, 1981). The caudal artery monitoring, bloatment, non-return to oestrus, udder development and other tests tried have had little success, (Wani &#038; Sahni,1980). The more recent interest in early pregnancy [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><em><strong>Prof G M Wani</strong> asked: </em><br/><br/><br/>PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS IN ruminants<br/><br/>1 Introduction<br/><br/>Rectal palptation in small ruminants is of little value due to the size of the pelvis. (Wani, 1981). The caudal artery monitoring, bloatment, non-return to oestrus, udder development and other tests tried have had little success, (Wani &#038; Sahni,1980). The more recent interest in early pregnancy 3. diagnosis of small ruminants is of academic and economic importance (Mellado,2003). A highly valued zygote or embryo when transferred to a less valued surrogate mother (recipient) needs to be closely monitored and the early detection of conception helps in repeated use of baren females. Proper management of pregnant animals also prevents embryonic losses. The method applied should be safe to both offspring and dam and needs to be cheap and easily applied. A review of various methods and techniques used for early pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants. (sheep and goats) is presented.<br/><br/>.2 Early Signs of Pregnancy<br/><br/>2.1.	Maintenance of a functional corpus luteum<br/><br/>It was evident that conception prolongs the life of the CL and prolongation and maintenance of a functional CL is triggered by the developing conceptus. These signals ensure the maintenance of the structural integrity of the CL. Corpus luteum produces progesterone, which maintains the uterine endometrium in a state permitting embryonic development, implantation and foetal-placental development (wani,1984b) . The formation and regression of the corpus luteum (CL) in Muzzaffarinagri ewes and Jamunapari goats was monitored at 3 days intervals for an entire oestruous cycle. Laparotomy and laparoscopic methods were used in these experiments.<br/><br/>The Endometrium undergoes tissue remodeling. This change in Extra cellular Matrix (ECM ) components is needed for successful implantation. Cytokinens 8,18 and 19 have been detected in the caprine endometrium during early pregnancy using immunofluorescence. Thus the presence of these cytokinen at approximately day 15 post conception is indicative of pregnancy in goats.<br/><br/>The implantation process in goats starts around day 18 post mating. During this phase intense type I collagen staining was detected throughout the uterine caruncular and intracaruncular stroma. For embryonic trophoblastic adhesions with endometrium, local control of protease activity is suggested. (Guillomot, 1999).<br/><br/>The earliest signs of pregnancy is the non-regression of the cyclic CL, which can be observed by the following methods:<br/><br/>i.	Laparoscopy and Laparotomy approximately day 18-25 post mating. (Wani, 1982, 1988, 1984b,Wani &#038; Buchoo, 1990, Wani &#038; Buchoo, 1993, Cuellar et al, 1990, Wani et al, 2003).<br/><br/>ii.	 Serum Progesterone values higher than 1 ng/ml e.g 2 to 3 ng/ml. (Wani, 1989; Shreif, 1997, Boscas et al, 2003, Al-Merestani et al, 1999, Zarkawiet et al, 1999). Diagnosis of Pregnancy accurately (100%) predicted on the basis of serum progesterone P4 values around 17-19 days post mating .<br/><br/>iii.	Pregnancy associated ovine glycoproteins recorded approximately post mating indicate pregnancy in sheep. (Karen et al, 2003; Verberckmoes, et al, 2004) or secretion of 17 &#038; 22-24 K Da proteins on day 17 post mating in the caprine conceptus. (Guillomot et al, 1998).<br/><br/>iv.	Non-return to oestrus (Mellado, 2003)<br/><br/>Some of the other early pregnancy signs detected by various methods are set out in Table 1.<br/><br/>3 Non-rejection of early conceptus<br/><br/>Progesterone maintains the uterine endometrium in a state which allows for embryonic development, implantation and foetal placental development. Details of foetomaternal relationships have been described (Mufti, 1997, Mufti et al, 2000)and are shown illustrated in Fig 1to 5. The presence of an early conceptus prolongs the life of corpus- luteum. These pregnancy signals are secreted as proteins. (Heap et al, 1990). Some of these proteins have been identified as ovine Trophablast protein I (OTP-1) in sheep which prevents the release of PGF2 alpha and thus helps in the maintenance of the corpus luteum. In cyclic ewes (non-pregnant) PGF2 alpha pulses are released in response to oxytocin with receptors being in the endometrium. The earliest signal of pregnancy is detected by a marked reduction in the endometrial oxytocin receptor numbers. The OTP-1 may inhibit synthesis of endometrial receptors for oestrogen and oxytocin. This possibly prevents luteolysis and maintains the dominance of theuterus by progesterone which is pre-requisite for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. (Bretzlaft and Romano, 2001; Wani, 1996; Ala cam et al, 1988).<br/><br/>The expression of progesterone receptors (PR) in the caprine uterus markedly increases during the peri-implantation period and estrogen –(ER) receptors do not increase in relation to PR, thus signaling the non-rejection of the early conceptus. (Flores et al, 2001). Progesterone in milk too can be found during early fertilization and conception (Cough et al, 1989).<br/><br/>Caprine H-type I antigen expression is unregulated during peri-implantation and progesterone P4 level stimulate it. It may be a useful marker to signal uterine preparations for receiving and retaining pregnancy in goats. (Powell et al, 2000). The caprine pregnancy related glycoprotein (Ca PAG) may help the conceptus to develop and is found around 18-19 day post mating . (Garbayo et al 2000). Endometrial tissue the undergoes remodeling to retain the conceptus in gravid small ruminant females. (Guillomot, 1999)<br/><br/>The dephosphorylated state of caprine uterine myocin in early pregnancy may help the conceptus to grow. Changes in the expression of native myocin, myosin heavy chains (MHCS) and myosin light chains (MLCS) were observed. (Kumar and Katoch, 1997).<br/><br/>For the development of the blastocyst, a proper uterine environment is essential. Besides the maintenance of the corpus luteum, production and availability of progesterone, the non-rejection of conceptus (blastocyst) is another critical feature of this period. The embryo produces interferons (embryo-IFN). This embryo IFN is homologous with &#8211; interfersons ( ? –IFN) and Ovine Trophoblast Interferons (OTI) of early pregnancy.<br/><br/>Purified OTP and recombinant OTP (r-oTP) produced in yeast exhibit antiviral activity and these r-OTP and OTP inhibit the release of endometrial PGF2 ? . This helps in the non-regression of the CL and indirectly maintains the early conceptus. Intra uterine r-OTP administered at a dose of 340 µg/ day for a week maintained the C.L in cyclic ewes for a month or so of . The inter- oestruos interval in 80% of the ewes was about a month or more. This dose r-OTP was as a effective as 14-16 day old conceptus. OTP was found to be immunosuppressive in several in-vitro and in-vivo assays.	An assay on phytohaemagglutinin A revealed both OTP and r-OTP to be immunosuppressive. This was further verified by the inhibitory activity of r-OTP in Graft Versus Host Reaction. (GVH assays). Trophoblast interferons play a strategic role in the prevention of early pregnancy loss as it inhibits CD + blastogenesis. The role of CD + cells and as helper T lymphocytes and delayed+ Type hyper sensitivity mediators (DTHS) would explain this immuno- suppressive rate of OTP. (ILeri et al, 1996; Karen et al, 2003; Wani, 1996).<br/><br/>3.4 Oestrogen: – Pregesterone ratio (E:P ratio)<br/><br/>	<br/><br/>The role of oxytocin in inducing uterine PGF2 alpha was discussed earlier. However, the release of PGF2 under the action of oxytocin depends on or is controlled by progesterone and oestradiol. It was further indicated that ewes with a high E:P ratio may generate stronger luteolytic signals. It was demonstrated that low progesterone and high oestradiol combination record the largest and sustained increase in PGF2 alpha following oxytocin injection. Trophoblast interferons act locally to suppress the uterine oxytocin receptors in sheep.(Karen et al, 2003 ).<br/><br/>5 Maternal recognition of pregnancy<br/><br/>The maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep and cattle is centered around the production by the trophoblast of type I x interferon (tINF). This tIFN then suppresses uterine oxytocin receptor concentrations (OTr). The oxytocin receptor (OTr) occupancy is associated with oxytocin induced PGF2 alpha release. OTr inhibition may represent the principal antiluteolytic mechanism of tIFN and secretion of the conceptus secretory proteins or bovine recombinant IFN to the uterus reduces OTr. Concentrations in intact and ovarectionized steroid treated ewes . A relationship between the conceptus secretory proteins and the metabolic products and those in the peripheral blood of the dam exists. ( Mufti; 1996; Mufti et al, 2000). There are conflicting reports making the action of oestradiol on oxytocin receptor concentration. (Powell et al, 2000). Trophoblastic cells contain interferon on day 14-17 after mating. During maternal recognition of pregnancy goat interferon was detected on day 18 post mating, its absence signifies pregnancy maintenance has been taken over by the corpus luteum. Thus a very thin line exists between maternal recognition of pregnancy and its maintenance or sustenance by the CL. (Gillomot et al, 1998).<br/><br/>6 The Reliability Pregnancy tests<br/><br/>Various methods used for correctly predicting pregnancy in sheep and goats during gestation have been summarized in Table 2. The accuracy varies from 70 to100% with different ultrasonic equipment. Different models as well as principles involved have been extensively reviewed (Wani, 1991; Wani et al,1998) and other methods of pregnancy detection during this stage e.g serum progesterone determination, vaginal cytology, laparotomy, estrone sulphate are summarized (Table-2). Various techniques were also evaluated in assessing mid-gestation. The various pregnancy signs as quoted by<br/><br/>various researchers using ultrasonography are summarized in Table 3. Of late certain anatomical features in the live, developing conceptus in vivo have been reported. This is reviewed and a summary is presented (Table 4). Various live foetal measurements like Biparietal diameter, Amniotic vesicle diameter, foetal radius and Tibia lengths are reviewed and shown (Table 5). Various pregnancy related images, histological sections and morphology of endometeruim have recently be published (Wani et al 2007, 2006 abc) where images are presented 6-15<br/><br/>References<br/><br/>Alacam-E; Dinc-DA; Guler-M; Eroz-S;Sezer-AN, 1988. Veteriner-Fakultesi-Dergisi, Selcuk-Universitesi, 4(1),91-98.<br/><br/>Al-Merestani-MR; Zarkawi-M; Wardeh-M, 1999. Early breeding and pregnancy 	diagnosis in Syrian Awassi sheep yearlings. Reproduction –in-Domestic-Animals, 34(5), 413-416.<br/><br/>Blasco-I;Foklch-J; Echegoyen-E, 1989.	Tecnica-Economica-Agraria, 20(82), 22-31.<br/><br/>Boscos, C.M; Samartzi, F.C; Lymberopoulos;A.G; Stefanakis, A; Belibasaki, S; 2003.. Reproduction in domestic Animals. 38(3), 170-174. Assessment of progesterone concentration using enzyme immunoassay for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep &#038; Goats.<br/><br/>Boscos. CM; Samartzi.FC; Lymberopoulos-AG; Stefanakis-A; Belibasaki-S, 2003.. Reproduction-in-Domestic-Animals, 	38(3), 170 &#8211; 174. Assessment of progesterone concentration using enzymeimmunoassay, for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep and goats<br/><br/>Bozkurt, T; Gundogan, M; Esen, F; Kul.S; 1999. Saglik- Bilimleri-	Dergisi– Firat- Universitesi. 13(2),185-180. The use of B mode real time 	ultrasonography rectally for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep<br/><br/>Bozkurt-T; Gundogan-M; Esen-F; Kul-S, 1999. Saglik-Bilimleri-Dergisi,-Firat-Universitesi, 13(2), 185-188. The use of B mode real-time 	ultrasonography rectally for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep<br/><br/>Bretzlaff-KN; Romano-JE, 2001. Veterinary-clinics-of-North-America, Food-Animal-Practice, 17(2), 421-434. Advanced reproductive techniques in goats.<br/><br/>Calamari-CV;2001.	Avaliacao-de-dois-metodos-de-diagnostico-precoce-de-gestacao-em-ovelhas:Ultrasonografia-transretal-e-detector-de-prenhez-para-pequenos-	ruminantes &#8211; DPPR-80R.2001, 57pp. Evaluation of two methods for early pregnancy diagnosis inewe: 	transectal ultrasonography and pregnancy detector for small ruminant (DPPR-80®).<br/><br/>Chalhoub-M; Prestes-NC; Lopes-MD; Trinca-LA; Ribeiro-Filho-AL, 2001. Ars-Veterinaria, 17(1), 17-21. Pregnancy 	diagnosis and embryological/fetal quantification by transrectal ultrasonography in 	sheep.<br/><br/>Chen-Zao Ying; Lun-SiChun; Cao-Hong; Chen-Zy; Lun-SC; Cao-H, 1996.. Chinese Journal-of-Veterinary-Science- and-Technology, 26(2), 12-15. Study on 	early pregnancy diagnosis of ewes by ultrasonic tomographic scanning<br/><br/>Cuellar-C; Fontanillas-JC; Palacio-M-del; Perez-Fuentes-J, 1990. Avances-en-Alimentaction-y-Mejora-Animal, 30(6), 251-257. A comparison of early 	pregnancy diagnosis in Manchega ewes using endoscopy or ultrasonics.<br/><br/>Chemineau, P; Gauthier, D; Poirier, J.C; Saumande, J. 1982.. Theriogenology. 13 (3), 313-323. Plasma levels of LH, FSH, Prolactin, Oestradiol 17B and progesterone during natural and induced oestrus in 	the diary goat<br/><br/>Cuoghi, F; Castagnetti, G.M; 1989.. Informatore- Agrario. 47, 27-32. Progesterone in milk- a method of early pregnancy diagnosis<br/><br/>Dickie-MB; Holzmann-A, 1992.. Journal of Veterinary-Medicine- Series-A,39(7), 525-530. Investigations concerning the use of progesterone tests (Serozyme-Progesterone, Ovucheck) for pregnancy diagnosis of mountain sheep<br/><br/>Dionysius, D.A; 1991. Australian. Veterinary Journal.68(1), 14-16. Pregnancy diagnosis in diary goats using progesterone assay kits.<br/><br/>Flores, J.M; Sanchez, M. A; Nieto, A; Sanchez, B; Gonzalez, M; Garcia, P. 2001. Theriogenology. 56(2), 341-55. Delection of estrogen alpha and progesterone receptors and cell proliferation in 	the uterus during early pregnancy in goat<br/><br/>Garbayo,J-M; Green,J-A; Manikkam,M; Beckers,J-F; Kiesling,D-O; Ealy,A-D, Roberts, 	R-M, 2000. Mol-Reprod-Dev. 57(4), their cloning, 	expression and evolutionary relationship to other PAG.<br/><br/>Garcia-A; Neary-MK; Kelly-GR; Pierson-RA, 1993.. Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA, 39((4), 847-861. Accuracy of Ultrasonography in 	early<br/><br/>Richardson, C 1972; Pregnancy diagnosis in the ewe. Vet Record. 90, 264- 275.<br/><br/>Slosarz, P; Steppa,R;Gadek,A: 1999. Medychna waterynaryjna 55(10),686-688. The application of ultrasound for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep<br/><br/>Shrief, M; 1997.. M.VSc Thesis, S.K. Univ.Agric.Sc &#038; Technology, Shalimar, J&#038;K India. Investigations on Caprine Ovarian activities during Oestrus cycle.<br/><br/>Tajik-P;Abbas-Veshkini;Sarang-Soroori, 2001. Veterinary-Conference-University of Stellenbosch, South-Africa. Measurement of different parts in Chall 	fetuses to determine the pregnancy age. Proceedings-of-the-5th –International-	Sheep-<br/><br/>Taverne, M.A.M; 1991. Tievarztliche. Monatsschrift. 78(10),341-345. Application of two dimensional ultrasound in Animal Reproduction Wiener<br/><br/>Verberckmoes, S; Vandaela, L; Cat,S.de; EL-Ameri, B;Sulon, J;Duchateau, L; Kruif, A.de; Beckers. J.F; Soom, A. Van; de-cat.S; de-Kruif, A;Van-Soom, A;2004. Vlaams- Diergeneeskundig- Tijdschrift. 73(2), 	119-27. A 	new test for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep: determination of ovine pregnancy associate glycoprotein (OVPAG) concentration means of a 	homologous radio immunoassay.<br/><br/>Wani, G.M, 1981. Ultrasonic pregnancy diagnosis in Sheep and Goats World Review of Anim. Prod. 17, 43-48.<br/><br/>Wani,G.M, 1982;. World Review of Anim. Prod. 18,7-13. Laparoscopy in farm Animals.<br/><br/>Wani, G.M; 1991. Proc. Ist. National Seminar on small Ruminant Reproduction, CSWRI, Avikanagar, 	Rajasthan- India. Use of Laparoscope, ultrasound imaging in small ruminant Reproduction.<br/><br/>Wani-N.A; Shabeena-Mustafa; Misra-AK; Maurya-SN; Mustafa-S; 2003. Pregnancy 	diagnosis in farm animals – a review. Indian- Journal-of – Dairy-Science 56 (1),1-	8.<br/><br/>Wani, N.A; Wani, G.M; Mufti, A.M; Khan, M.Z. 1998. Small Ruminant Research. 29, 239-240. Ultrasonic pregnancy diagnosis in gaddi goats<br/><br/>Wani, G.M; Sahni, K.L; 1980.. Vet. Research. Journal 2(1), 35-73. An ultrasonic technique for detection of pregnancy in Sheep and Goats<br/><br/>Wani, G.M; Sahni, K.L; 1981.. Indian. J. Anim. Sci. 51 (2), 194-197. Ultrasonic pregnancy diagnosis in ewes under tropical field conditions<br/><br/>Wani, G.M; Sahni, K.L; 1988.. Indian. J. Anim. Sci. 58(7), 802-804. Ovulation detection by Laparoscopy in Sheep<br/><br/>Wani, G.M; 1982.. World Review of Anim. Prod. 18(1), 7-13. Laparoscopy in Farm Animals<br/><br/>Wani, G.M; 1984a. Dr. Med. Vet.Diss.Tierartzlichen Hochscule, Hannover, Germany. Investigations on Embryo production and culture in goats.<br/><br/>Wani, G.M; 1984b.. Ph.D thesis, Indian vet. Res. Inst, Izatnagar- U.P. India. Investigations on ovarian activity, ovulation and frequency diagnosis 	in sheep and goats<br/><br/>Wani, G.M; 1989.. Indian Journakl Animal Reprod. 10(1), 44-46. Plasma progesterone concentrations during oestrus cycle in goats<br/><br/>Wani, G.M, 1996. Embryo Biotechnology in sheep &#038; goats. Published valley Book 	House, University Road, Hazratbal, Srinagar.<br/><br/>Wani, G.M; Buchoo,B.A; 1990.. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 60(5), 564-68. Laparoscopic view of ovine conceptus<br/><br/>Wani, G.M; Buchoo, B.A; 1993. Indian. J.Anim. Sci. 63(3), 300. Prediction of Ovarian response in sheep by laparoscopy.<br/><br/>Zarkawi-M; Al-Merestani-MR; Wardeh-MF, 1999. Small-Ruminant-Research, 33(1), 99-102. Induction of synchronized oestrous and early pregnancy diagnosis in Syrian Awassi ewes, outside the breeding season.<br/><br/><br/><br/><a href='http://www.tramadol-ultracet.com'>Fioricet, Tramadol, Ultracet at the cheapest prices</a></div>
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		<description><![CDATA[Valerie Giles asked: The online resources and tools available have never been greater with calendar pregnancy weekly and online ovulation calculator to assist couples before, during and after pregnancy. A free online calendar pregnancy weekly provides a wonderful system of support by calculate due date for pregnancy (after the required information is entered) throughout the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><em><strong>Valerie Giles</strong> asked: </em><br/><br/><br/>The online resources and tools available have never been greater with calendar pregnancy weekly and online ovulation calculator to assist couples before, during and after pregnancy. A free online calendar pregnancy weekly provides a wonderful system of support by calculate due date for pregnancy (after the required information is entered) throughout the duration of the pregnancy.<br/><br/>The online ovulation calculator is similar to the calendar pregnancy weekly (calculate due date for pregnancy) in that information regarding a woman&#8217;s menstrual cycle is entered to come up with estimated information. In the case of the online ovulation calculator a woman must enter the first day of her last menstrual period and the length of the cycle (how many days), to determine her peak fertility period or the best time to get pregnant (increasing a couple&#8217;s chances at getting pregnant). These online ovulation calculator can be found online for free and are a wonderful tool to help control your fertility period so a couple can have sex during the most fertile period.<br/><br/>Both the online ovulation calculator and online calendar pregnancy weekly (calculate due date for pregnancy) can offer helpful information and tips to couples wanting to get pregnant and during pregnancy. Some of the advice available on the online calendar pregnancy weekly can include:<br/><br/>• having a healthy baby;<br/><br/>• parenting roles;<br/><br/>• health care during pregnancy;<br/><br/>• labor and birth;<br/><br/>• work and pregnancy;<br/><br/>• preparing for the baby;<br/><br/>• first, second and third trimester information;<br/><br/>• baby names;<br/><br/>• baby gear;<br/><br/>• breast feeding and,<br/><br/>• complications that can occur during pregnancy and birth to name a few.<br/><br/>Of course the information provided in the by calendar pregnancy week week is only to be used as a general guide as each pregnancy is unique, with some babies developing faster or slower than others.<br/><br/>To calculate due date for pregnancy a couple can use a calendar pregnancy weekly. Similar to the online ovulation calculator a woman would enter the first day of her last menstrual period, the pregnancy due date calendar will than determine the pregnancy due date. After a pregnancy due date is established the calendar pregnancy weekly will give a week by week update on what is happening with the pregnancy, with plenty of information and advice to look forward to. Again the calendar date due pregnancy is only an estimate, depending on the pregnancy a woman&#8217;s due date can vary and be earlier or later than the due date.<br/><br/>If you&#8217;ve already used an online ovulation calculator, using a calendar pregnancy weekly to calculate due date for pregnancy will be easy. By simply entering the first day of a woman&#8217;s last menstrual period the calendar pregnancy weekly will calculate a couple&#8217;s pregnancy due date. A pregnancy due date calendar is an excellent way to receive regular updates with helpful pregnancy advice and information. Most of the online by calendar pregnancy week week sites available are free with some charging a small fee for additional information such as personalized baby reports, guides, video library, product reviews, consumer reports and saving on baby gear and products.<br/><br/>Starting with the online ovulation calculator a woman can enter the first day of her last menstrual period and determine her peak fertility period. Afterwards during pregnancy a couple&#8217;s best friend throughout the pregnancy will be the calendar pregnancy weekly, this will calculate due date for pregnancy and offer a multitude of helpful information from conception through to birth. A pregnancy due date calendar will essentially build a day by day customized calendar which will detail the development of baby from before conception until birth.<br/><br/>A calendar pregnancy weekly (calculate due date for pregnancy, just as the online ovulation calculator determines peak fertile period) can offer information to include:<br/><br/>• mom and dad roles;<br/><br/>• health care throughout pregnancy;<br/><br/>• complications;<br/><br/>• first, second and third trimester information;<br/><br/>• labor and birth;<br/><br/>• work and pregnancy;<br/><br/>• preparing for baby;<br/><br/>• naming baby;<br/><br/>• managing your weight;<br/><br/>• bed rest;<br/><br/>• pregnancy symptoms;<br/><br/>• sex during pregnancy;<br/><br/>• relationships during pregnancy;<br/><br/>• birth announcements;<br/><br/>• twins and multiples;<br/><br/>• emotions and moods;<br/><br/>• ultrasound photos;<br/><br/>• prenatal vitamin information for mother;<br/><br/>• how the baby is growing inside mother;<br/><br/>• and suggested reading.<br/><br/>Both the online ovulation calculator and calendar pregnancy weekly (calculate due date for pregnancy) are excellent tools that are sure to be appreciated by both expecting mothers and fathers. Of course the calendar pregnancy weekly should only be used as a general guide as each pregnancy is unique with some babies developing more quickly or slower than others, and should never replace the advice of your obstetrician. It&#8217;s also nice to know that after your bundle of joy is born several of the online pregnancy due date calendar can be used to receive further updates on breast feeding, bulletin boards (share and read advice from other moms and dads), shopping, newborn and baby information, toddler (12-24 months), preschooler information and older kids information (5-8 years)<br/><br/><br/><br/><a href='http://www.viagrawiki.com'>Viagra</a></div>
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